We define
social network sites as web-based services that allow individuals to -
· Construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system,
·
articulate a list of other users with whom they share a
connection, and
· view and navigate their list of connections and those made by
others within the system.
The nature
and nomenclature of these connections may vary from site to site. While we use
the term "social network site" to describe this phenomenon, the term
"social networking sites" also appears in public discourse, and the
two terms are often used interchangeably. We chose not to employ the term
"networking" for two reasons: emphasis and scope.
"Networking" emphasizes relationship initiation, often between
strangers. While networking is possible on these sites, it is not the primary
practice on many of them, nor is it what differentiates them from other forms
of computer-mediated communication (CMC).
What makes
social network sites unique is not that they allow individuals to meet
strangers, but rather that they enable users to articulate and make visible
their social networks. This can result in connections between individuals that
would not otherwise be made, but that is often not the goal, and these meetings
are frequently between "latent ties" (Haythornthwaite, 2005) who
share some offline connection. On many of the large SNSs, participants are not
necessarily "networking" or looking to meet new people; instead, they
are primarily communicating with people who are already a part of their
extended social network. To emphasize this articulated social network as a critical
organizing feature of these sites, we label them "social network
sites."
While SNSs
have implemented a wide variety of technical features, their backbone consists
of visible profiles that display an articulated list of Friends who are also
users of the system. Profiles are unique pages where one can "type oneself
into being" (Sundén, 2003, p. 3). After joining an SNS, an individual is
asked to fill out forms containing a series of questions. The profile is
generated using the answers to these questions, which typically include
descriptors such as age, location, interests, and an "about me"
section. Most sites also encourage users to upload a profile photo. Some sites
allow users to enhance their profiles by adding multimedia content or modifying
their profile's look and feel. Others, such as Facebook, allow users to add
modules ("Applications") that enhance their profile.
After
joining a social network site, users are prompted to identify others in the
system with whom they have a relationship. The label for these relationships
differs depending on the site—popular terms include "Friends,"
"Contacts," and "Fans." Most SNSs require bi-directional
confirmation for Friendship, but some do not. These one-directional ties are
sometimes labeled as "Fans" or "Followers," but many sites
call these Friends as well. The term "Friends" can be misleading,
because the connection does not necessarily mean friendship in the everyday
vernacular sense, and the reasons people connect are varied (boyd, 2006a).
The public
display of connections is a crucial component of SNSs. The Friends list
contains links to each Friend's profile, enabling viewers to traverse the
network graph by clicking through the Friends lists. On most sites, the list of
Friends is visible to anyone who is permitted to view the profile, although
there are exceptions.
Most SNSs
also provide a mechanism for users to leave messages on their Friends'
profiles. This feature typically involves leaving "comments,"
although sites employ various labels for this feature. In addition, SNSs often
have a private messaging feature similar to webmail. While both private
messages and comments are popular on most of the major SNSs, they are not
universally available.
Beyond
profiles, Friends, comments, and private messaging, SNSs vary greatly in their
features and user base. Some have photo-sharing or video-sharing capabilities;
others have built-in blogging and instant messaging technology. There are
mobile-specific SNSs (e.g., Dodgeball), but some web-based SNSs also support
limited mobile interactions (e.g., Facebook, MySpace, and Cyworld). Many SNSs
target people from specific geographical regions or linguistic groups, although
this does not always determine the site's constituency. Orkut, for example, was
launched in the United States with an English-only interface, but
Portuguese-speaking Brazilians quickly became the dominant user group
(Kopytoff, 2004). Some sites are designed with specific ethnic, religious,
sexual orientation, political, or other identity-driven categories in mind.
There are even SNSs for dogs (Dogster) and cats (Catster), although their
owners must manage their profiles.
While SNSs
are often designed to be widely accessible, many attract homogeneous
populations initially, so it is not uncommon to find groups using sites to
segregate themselves by nationality, age, educational level, or other factors
that typically segment society (Hargittai, this issue), even if that was not
the intention of the designers.
Why it is needed?
The sheer number of users
on social networking Web sites and their passion for the topic represents a
potentially significant opportunity that marketers have yet to fully understand
and tap. As today’s social networking sites exert a much stronger pull on
their members compared to other Web sites, social networks have become a
potentially useful marketing tool.
Social Networking Websites
represent an important media channel for reaching a diverse demographic,
including, teens and young adults, women, moms, affluent consumers, and older
individuals
Consumers respond less to
traditional media and advertising, and are moving towards consumer-to-consumer
communication such as blogging, mobile messaging, comparison shopping sites,
word-of-mouth marketing, and peer-to-peer networks. It is seen that a
significant number of consumers trust advice from friends online; representing
three times as much trust than via traditional media. Further, one in
three Internet users visits Web sites containing user-generated content to help
make purchase decisions.
Advantages
1.
Being where the customers are
It is
unavoidable; the social networking sites rely on the regular presence of
millions of users. Since the new generations to the elderly, many people spent
hours daily on sites like Facebook and Twitter, watching videos on YouTube,
sharing photos on Flickr.
2. Have
a current image of the company
Social networks are part of people's lives,
where users get recent development and news. Companies with strong presences
therefore keep their following up to dates. These are values that can convey a
positive image of any company.
3.
Open Channel with customers
A presence in social networks makes it
possible to receive comments and feedback, thus creating channel of interaction
with clients, potential clients and society at large, which operates 24 hours a
day, seven days a week.
4.
Contributes to a good ranking in
search engines
We
have certainly already noticed that when you search on Google that some of the
suggestions are Blogs, Videos, Pages at Facebook, etc. Having a company website
may not be enough to get a good ranking for those keywords that vital for your
niche.
5.
It is relatively cheap
If we consider the potential impressions,
clicks, interaction with the brand provided by social networks, and compare its
cost with the potential for the same results in other traditional media, we
find that the investment remains relatively cheap.